Sifabö'ö ba gotalua wamulö'ö "Rigi"
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Khoi-khoi 4
Tanömö rigi moroi ba ngawua mbuania sino atua ba soköli, latanö ba danö ba molöndru tumbu ia. Fa’alawa dölania nano mowua i’otarai 2m irugi 2,5m. Fa’ara wa’auri rigi i’otarai mutanö ofeta mowua ia mato tölu waŵa irugi öfa waŵa, nano aefa da’ö oköli ba mate ia sa’e. Rigi andrö lafotöi ia sinanö si ha sakali inötö wowua (ba Li Indonesia ''tanaman semusim'').
== Böröta Rigi faoma fozawilinia (Sejarah asal-usul dan persebaran) ==
Rigi ni fili ma ni’odödögö ba wananö ya’ia, no tola laŵa’ö no sambua zinumbua sifakhili ba gangolifa ndru’u sotöi teosinte (''Zea mays'' ssp. ''parviglumis''). Ba wetaro lafareso niha ba la’ila wa sinumbua da’a tola tobali sinanö, tenga inötö sadogo-dogo, so ba zi 7000 fakhe, sifakhai ''Zea mays'' ssp. ''mexicana''. Fanötöi teosinte sindruhunia ba wogambaraini fefu ngawalö rigi genus ''Zea'', fabö’ö ira na ''Zea mays'' ssp. ''mays''. Lala ba wa’atobali rigi andre sambua zinumbua si tola moguna ba wa’auri niha, irege rigi andre no sambua zinanö si lö sa’ae auri samosa ia ba danö.<ref name="gepts">Gepts P. 2004. Crop Domestication as a Long-term Selection Experiment. In: Janick J. ''Plant Breeding Reviews'', Vol. 24, Part 2, ISBN 0-471-46892-4. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hal. 6.</ref>
<!—Ofeta ba ginötö iada’a no’oi la’ila niha wa so ba zi 50.000 kultivar rigi, he sauri manö ba danö ba simanö göi ni’odödögö ba wananö ya’ia. -->
[[Berkas:Guila Naquitz cave.jpg|jmpl|200px|Gua Guila Naquitz ba [[Oaxaca]], Meksiko, nahia lasöndra gakhökhöla rigi fondrege zatua ba gulidanö.]]
Sitobali dane-dane ba wangi’ila sifakhai ba rigi andre, ya’ia da’ö famahaö arkeologi tefaudugö ba lala wangoya’ö rigi sauri ba gotalua ndru’u ba danö ba mbanua tanö raya ba Meksiko, Amerika Tengah, I’otarai me 7000 fakhe silalö. Akhökhöla rigi meföna nisöndra ba Gua Guila Naquitz, ba ndraso Oaxaca me no lafareso ba lafaigi wa irugi 6250 fakhe; akhökhöla sabölö atua lasöndra ba dögi sahatö ba Tehuacan, Puebla, Meksiko, sauri ba ndröfi si 3450 SM.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/Courses/agron212/readings/corn_history.htm|work= Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy|title= Origin, History and Uses of Corn|date= 11 Februari 2014|access-date= 2014-05-08|archive-date= 2014-02-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100251/http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/Courses/agron212/readings/corn_history.htm|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>Roney, John (2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". ''Archaelogy Southwest'' 23 (1):4</ref>
Bangsa Olmek faoma Bangsa Maya no latanö rigi ba Seantero Amerika Tengah me 10000 fakhe silalö ba no la’ila lala wombali’ö rigi andre sitobali famalala gö. Fangi’ilara andrö ba tefazaewe ba mbanua Amerika Selatan (Ekuador) ba zi 7000 fakhe silalö, ba no irugi hili-hili tanö raya Peru me 4000 fakhe silalö. Ba ginötö da’ö tebörötaigö zinanö rigi andre, ifago’ösi wa’aurinia ba hili ma ba danö sabe’e ma’ifu si lö aukhu sibai fetaro Pegunungan Andes.<ref>Bakalar, Nicholas. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0302_060302_peru_corn.html Corn, Arrowroot Fossils in Peru Change Views on Pre-Inca Culture]. National Geographic News. Edisi 2 Maret 2006</ref> Sejak 2500 SM, tanaman ini telah dikenal di berbagai penjuru Benua Amerika.<ref name="archsouth">{{Cite journal|last=Roney|first=John|title=The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture|journal=Archaeology Southwest|volume= 23|issue= 1|date=Winter 2009|page= 4}}</ref>
Fa’atohare niha Eropa i’otarai gafuriata ngahönö si 15 ma abad ke-15 ya’ira zi no mamazaema ba mbanuara ofeta ba Asia. Hiza ba Asio ba no alio sibai wa’amozaewenia me teboka lala niha Eropa we’amöi ba Asia me inötö namada Ferdinand Magellan sanörö asi Samudera Pasifik. Ba nahia sibohou da’a alio auri ngawalö rigi andrö me rigi andre so khönia plastisitas fenotipe salaŵa ma’ifu.
Rigi ofeta danöda Indonesia, ba ngahönö si 16 ma abad ke-16 ni’ohe zikoli moroi ba Portugis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/research/maize/chapter6.shtml |title=Milho, Makk, and Yu Mai: Early journey of maize to Asia. Chapter 6: Maize in the southeast Asian archipelago and Australia |access-date=2015-08-16 |archive-date=2015-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230072411/http://www.nal.usda.gov/research/maize/chapter6.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Börö hikaya rigi si no atua sibai andre, ba no möi fa’oya döi wogaoni dozi banua misa. Simane ba mbanua Sunda, Aceh, Batak, Ambon latötöi faoma ''jagong'', ba mbanua Bima töinia ''jago'', ba wehede Madura la’ila niha döinia ya’ia da’ö ''jhaghung'', ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] to’ölö lakaoni faoma fehede ''rigi'', ''eyako'' (Enggano), ''wataru'' (Sumba), ''latung'' (Flores), ''fata'' (Solor), ''pena'' (Timor), ''gandung'' (Toraja), ''kastela'' (Halmahera), ''telo'' (Tidore), ''binthe'' atau ''binde'' (bahasa Gorontalo) faoma Buol, ba ''barelle´'' (bahasa Bugis).<ref>[http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-295.pdf Zea mays L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207023352/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-295.pdf |date=2008-12-07 }}. Nga’örö zinanö dalu-dalu Departemen Kesehatan</ref> Di kawasan timur Indonesia juga dipakai luas istilah ''milu'',<ref>[http://masbudhi.com/milu-siram-yang-menggoda-selera/ Sop jagung “Milu siram” yang menggoda selera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130100028/http://masbudhi.com/milu-siram-yang-menggoda-selera/ |date=2014-01-30 }}. Blog untuk Sup Jagung Siram.</ref> fefu da’a moroi ba wamaogö töinia ba ngawua wehede ''milho'', so eluaha ba Li Indonesia ya’ia da’ö: "jagung", fehede da’a moroi ba [[bahasa Portugis]].
Ngawua wehede "jagung" molo’ö Denys Lombard no fangadogo-dogo wanötöi fehede ya’ia da’ö: ''jawa agung'', so’eluaha "jewawut besar",<ref name="dlombard">Lombard, D. 1996. ''Jaringan Asia''. Penerbit Gramedia. p. 263.</ref> töi ni’oguna’ö niha Jawa ba tefazaewe ia ba wehede Melayu.
== Sifakhai ba zinumbua (Botani) ==
[[Berkas:Zea mays - Botanischer Garten, Frankfurt am Main - DSC03201.JPG|jmpl|160px|Bowo rigi simatua (malai).]]
Sinanö sauri na inötö ma (''annual'') ba wamahaö ba wangoya’ö sinanö no sambua lala wa’auri zinanö ba zi 80-150 ngaluo (so ba zi 3 ofeta 5 waŵa), mangawuli sa’atö ba kultivar faoma inötö wananö ya’ia. Fehede sasese larongo niha simane fehede: "seumur jagung" no sambua fangombakha wa fa’auri zinanö da’a ha ba zi 3 ofeta 4 waŵa.<ref>[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/seumur_jagung Entri "seumur jagung" di Wiktionary]</ref> Ba zi matonga ginötö wa’auri rigi andre, ba da’ö ginötö wa’atedou vegetatif ba matonga inötö aefa da’ö, ba wangasoso buania na so. Rigi auri sibai ia ba zi so sino fa’ara ba zi 12,5 za.<ref name="aciar">Belfield S, Brown C. 2008. [http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/8919/maize%20manual%2072dpi.pdf Field Crop Manual: Maize. A Guide to Upland Production in Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216231741/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/8919/maize%20manual%2072dpi.pdf |date=2014-02-16 }}. ACIAR Publ. ISBN 978-0-7347-1882-2. p.5.</ref>
Fa’alaŵa döla rigi, ba zi 2,0 ofeta 2,5 m, hewa’ae so kultivar sitola ofeta ba zi 12 m ba danö ma ba zisambua mbanua.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.agron.missouri.edu/mnl/86/MNL86.pdf|quote=The Maximum Leaf Number of the Maize Subspecies; the "Leafy" Mutation Placed into the Tallest Strain|page=4|title=The maximum leaf quantity of the maize subspecies|issn=1090-4573|volume=86|journal=The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter |date=May 2013|first=J.R.|last=Karl}}</ref> Fa’alaŵa zinanö rigi andre, tefaigi ia moroi ba dete danö ofeta hakhi hezo falemba mbuania. Hewa’ae so zo lewiö ba mbörö hakhi simane fakhe ba hiza, lö ara auri, ha sageu ia moroi ba mbörönia. Töla mondroto-ndroto otaluania so ba zi 20 cm. Moroi ba ngandrotonia ba da’ö tumbu khönia tumbu mbulu, fa’ebolonia itaria ikhamö fa 9 cm ba fa’anau ikhamö ba zi 120 cm.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/abstracts/12/6/CS0120060864?access=0&view=pdf |doi=10.2135/cropsci1972.0011183X001200060045x|title=Ecology of Exotic Races of Maize. I. Leaf Number and Tillering of 16 Races Under Four Temperatures and Two Photoperiods1|year=1972|last1=Stevenson|first1=J. C.|last2=Goodman|first2=M. M.|journal=Crop Science|volume=12|issue=6|pages=864}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Jagung tongkol.jpg|jmpl|160px|ka|mbowo rigi si alawe (tongkol), tezago ia ba klobot, faoma rumba-rumba ma "rambut". Rumba-rumba rigi da’ö sindruhunia, no hakhi moroi ba putik.
Sitobali angolifa moroi ba zinanö si sambua hunö ma ba wehede wamahaö ba zekola lamane monokotil, rigi andre, moŵa’a serabut ikhamö fa’abakha ŵa’ania ba zi 80 cm ba oya göi zitetaru ba danö fa’abakhania ba zi 20 cm. Sinanö si no ibörögö atua, so khönia ŵa’a adventif situmbu ba ngandroto sahatö tou ba danö ba wanölö tölania ena’ö aro moroi ba wa’aso’a.
Töla rigi adölö-dölö ba lö bini’ösö hulö zimane sorgum faoma [[Töwu]]. Tesöndra khönia mutan töla silö oya auri irege rigi andre hulö roset. Tölania mongandroto, ba ibalugö faoma bulunia ngandrotonia. Rigi andre, abe’e ma’ifu ba hiza lö oya khönia zat geu ma ba li wamahaö lamane : lignin.
Bulu rigi no sökhi sibai, mohakhi ba manganau. Ba gotalua hakhi faoma bulu, so khönia zi hulö lela. (ligula). Bulu rigi motöla. Ba bulunia so zalösö ba so göi zogumo. Stoma ba mbulu rigi hulö halter, ni’ila niha wa ha Poaceae ma sifao ba gangolifa ndru’u (suku rumput-rumputan). Ero stoma no ifasui ia sel-sel (epidermis) zi hulö döri-töri. Da’a moguna khönia ba worasoi na ambo nidanö ba zi tumbu ia. Na sinanö da’a ba mbawa lökhö, zihulö döri-töri no mege tola oköli ba möi fombalugö dögi stomata, ba bulunia tola aleu ba ilau ia tou irege mangalösi transpirasi.
Fenaeta mbowo rigi ya’ia da’ö diklin, si so khönia bowo simatua ba si’alawe si fabali ba zisageu sinanö ma ''monoecious''. Bowonia oya, simatua te’orudugö malai, ba si’alawe tobali tongkol. Ba rigi, kuntum bunga (floret) tefa’oli ba zi faedo ni mo’otalua moroi ba zi safasa ''glumae'' (tunggal: gluma). Fenaeta mbowo simatua so ia ba mbalö lai-lai zinanö. Serbuk sari saruzö-ruzö, mohua sibai ia.
Sito’ölönia, sageu zinanö rigi ba so khönia sambua tongkol sitola mowua sangokhögö ngaotu khönia misa mbowo si’alawe. Ba so ma’ifu kultivar sisökhi tola manga’asogu bua si sökhi, da’a latötöi ia rigi prolifik. Bowo simatua tola falukha ia ba mbowo si’alawe ba zi 2-5 ngaluo ma abölö alio moroi ba zi’alawe (protandri).
== Umbu ==
[[Kategori:Sinanö]]
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[[Kategori:Sinumbua]]
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