Wikipedia

Singo

aurifö si hulö mao sebua si tefaböbö ba ngafu Panthera
Singo
Rentang fosil: Pleistosen
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kingdom:
Animalia
Filum:
Chordata
Kelas:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Famili:
Felidae
Genus:
Panthera
Spesies:
Panthera leo
Nama binomial
Panthera leo
Linnaeus, 1758
Subspesies
P. l. leo
Panthera leo melanochaita
Panthera leo sinhaleyus †

Singo (töi ilmiah Panthera leo) no aurifö si hulö mao sebua si tefaböbö ba ngafu Panthera ba sito'ölönia auri ira ba danö Afrika ba ba danö India. Botonia monagole soya ba tötö'ania mangebolo. Högö ba fisonia owulo-wulo ba ba mbalö gi'onia so samböbö mbu. Sikhala zimatua fabö'ö ma'ifu moroi ba zi'alawe. Boto zimatua abölö ebua moroi ba zi'alawe ba so khönia rambe sanau.

Singo no aurifö sosial, eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa, eluahania so mato ha'uga rozi zimatua faoma zi'alawera ba iraono zingo. Sito'ölönia möi malu ndra singo si'alawe oi fao-fao. Ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia gaurifö segebua za'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn. Singo no fondrege onekhe mealu ba gotalua gaurifö fefu. Sito'ölönia lö lagohi niha singo, heŵa'ae no alua wa la'a nagole niha.

Toröi zingo ba mbenua soya ndru'u. Sito'ölönia maoso ba mangalui ö ira ba zima'ökhö, heŵa'ae tola göi lalau mangalui ö ba zibongi na la'ila wa lagohi ira niha ma aurifö bö'ö. Götö neolitik latöröi zi sagörö Afrika ba Eurasia i'otarai Eropa Timur irugi India. Ba hiza afuriatania hatö dombua ngawa zi so: samba ngawa ba gölana danö simate Sahara ba Afrika ba sambua tö ba India Barat. I'otarai 1996 no tefaböbö zingo ba gaurifö sarakhagö taya ba IUCN Red List, börö me alö 43% wa'oyara i'otarai 1990. Lö mo'ölö ira baero nahia nirorogö niha, eluahnia nahia heza lö mealu niha. Lö ta'ila hadia sibai mbörö wa itugu alö wa'oyara, heŵa'ae ta'ila wa sikho sebua khöra niha simöi mamunu ya'ira.

Moroi ba gotalua gaurifö sasese te'oguna'ö bakha ba gambara ba ba nidunö-dunö niha, singo no aurifö fondrege asese te'oroma'ö bakha ba nadu, gambara, bendera nasional, filem ba ngawalö zura. No göi lafauwu zingo ni'oguna'ö ba wondrara dödö zato[2] moroi ba ginötö kerajaan Romawi ba asese göi la'alui zingo niha tobali nifaliaro ba nifotöi kabu gurifö (li Indonesia kebun binatang) ba zi sagörö ulidanö i'otarai ngaotu ndröfi si-18. Fogambaraini zingo so ba niha Miserayi ba tola taŵaö ba fefu budaya niha föna irugi ma'ökhö.

Oroita wehede

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Fehede singo bakha ba li Niha tehalö moroi ba li Indonesia singa. Töi ilmiah khönia ya'ia leo (li Latin) niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani λέων, leon. Töi generik khönia ya'ia Panthera, göi tehalö moroi ba li Latin 'panthēra' ba li Yunani satua πάνθηρ, panther.[3]

Famöfö'ö

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Tefazökhi diagram tanö yaŵa molo'ö fangosili ba ndröfi 2006,[4][5] ba tanö tou molo'ö fangosili ba ndröfi 2010[6] and 2011[7] studies.

I'oguna'ö Felis leo tobali töi ilmiah zingo Carl Linnaeus me ndröfi 1758, me isura zanandrösa ba zingo bakha ba mbuku Systema Naturae.[8] Same'e töi genus (Panthera) ba no Lorenz Oken ba ndröfi 1816.[9] Ba gotalua ngaotu ndröfia si-18 ba si-20 so 26 zingo nisura amuata ba te'andrö tobali sub-spesies. Me ndröfi 2005, 11 moroi ba gotalua zi 26 andrö tetema'ö tobali töi resmi ba mbolo zoologi.[10] Si fabö'ö ba gotaluara ya'ia fa'ebua mbotora, la'a-la'a mbu zörira ba la'a-la'a gulira.[11]

Sub-spesies

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Fa'amuzawili su-spesies ba kelas zingo

Götö ngaotu ndröfi si-19 ba si-20, mato ha'uga tipe zingo ni'andrö tobali sub-spesies, ba salusi ba gotaluara tetema'ö tobali töi resmi (valid taxa) irugi ndröfi 2017.[10] Ba gotalua ndröfi 2008 ba 2016, la'oguna'ö ira sohalöŵö ba organisasi IUCN Red List ha dombua döi sub-spesies: P. l. leo khö ngafu singo ba Afrika ba P. l. persica khö ngafu zingo ba Asia.[12][13][14] Me 2017, labulö'ö wamöfö'ö zingo (li Indonesia taksonomi) ya'ira samalua famöfö'ö ngawalö mao (li Inggris the Cat Classification Task Force) si tefaböbö ba wa'awösa the Cat Specialist Group, ba laföfö'ö dombua sub-spesies molo'ö wangosili evolusi zingo:[15][16]

  • P. l. leo (Panthera leo leo) (Linnaeus, 1758) − ba ngafu da'a fao zingo si so ba Asia, singo Mesir (ba li Inggris barbary lion) awö oi zingo sauri ba Utara, Barat ba Tengah ba Afrika.[16] Si fagölö töi khönia ya'ia P. l. persica (Meyer, 1826), P. l. senegalensis (Meyer, 1826), P. l. kamptzi (Matschie, 1900), ba P. l. azandica (Allen, 1924).[10] Ato zanura same'e töi khö ngawalö zingo andre 'singo Utara' ba sub-spesies Utara'.[17][18]
  • P. l. melanochaita (Panthera leo melanochaita) (Smith, 1842) − fao ba da'a singo Afrika Selatan (li Inggris Cape lion) si no taya ba ngawa zingo sauri ba danö tanö ba Timur ba ba Selatan Afrika.[16] Si fagölö töi khönia ya'ia P. l. somaliensis (Noack 1891), P. l. massaica (Neumann, 1900), P. l. sabakiensis (Lönnberg, 1910), P. l. bleyenberghi (Lönnberg, 1914), P. l. roosevelti (Heller, 1914), P. l. nyanzae (Heller, 1914), P. l. hollisteri (Allen, 1924), P. l. krugeri (Roberts, 1929), P. l. vernayi (Roberts, 1948), ba P. l. webbiensis (Zukowsky, 1964).[10][11] Latötöi ia göi 'sub-spesies Selatan' ba 'singo Selatan'.[18]

Heŵa'ae simanö so zi faruka ba gotalua zi dombua ngawa andre ba danö tanö ba Tengah Utara Afrika. Molo'ö analisa DNA safuria, singo moroi ba Afrika Tengah no nga'ötö moroi he ba zingo Utara ba he singo Selatan, ba mtDNA tefaogö ira ba P. leo leo bahiza ba DNA genomik tefaböbö ira ba P. leo melanochaita.[19]

Akhökhöla zingo nisöndra ba hili-hili Etiopia tefaogö molo'ö genetik khö ndra singo moroi ba Kamerun ba Chad, bahiza singo moroi ba nahia bö'ö ba Etiopia tefaogö khö ndra moroi ba Afrika timur. Börö da'ö laŵaö ira sangosili wa Etiopia no tobali nahia wa'afaruka zi dombua sub-spesies zingo andre.[20] Molo'ö data genome fefu zingo si no oi taya moroi ba Sudan tefaböbö ia ba P. l. leo ba mtDNA, bahiza no ahatö sibai ia ba P. l. melanochaita. Börö da'ö te moguna mufaigi mangawuli wamöfö'ö ngawalö zingo si so ba Afrika Tengah.[21]

Lahe molo'ö akhökhöla

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Töla högö sageu zingo Amerika ni'oroma'ö ba National Museum of Natural History, Washington

Sub-spesies zingo tanöbö'ö ma spesies si fatalifusö ba zingo modern no tesöndra ba ginötö föna me lö nasa tebörögö hikaya:[22]

  • P. l. sinhaleyus (Panthera leo sinhaleyus) no akhökhöla zingo nifotöi carnassial[23] nisöndra ba Sri Lanka. Te taya ia 39.000 fakhe si lalö.[24]
  • P. fossilis (Panthera fossilis) no singo sabölö ebua moroi ba zingo modern ba auri ia ba ginötö nifotöi Middle Pleistocene. Akhökhöla döla tesöndra me lakhao ba dögi danö ba Britania Raya, Jerman, Italia ba Czeko.[25][26]
  • P. spelaea (Panthera spelaea) ma singo dögi danö tumbu ba Eurasia[27] ba ba Beringia[28] ba ginötö nifotöi Late Pleistocene. Tobali taya ia börö ihötöi aukhu danöa ma zui börö wamuzawili niha 11.900 fakhe si lalö.[29] Moroi ba gakhökhöla döla nisöndra ba dögi danö ba Eropa, Asia Utara, Kanada ba Alaska oroma wa mukoli zingo andre moroi ba Eropa, itörö Siberia lumalö ba Alaska Barat.[30] Te tefakhai ba P. fossilis,[31] ba lö si faruka ia molo'ö genetik ba fabö'ö sibai ia moroi ba zingo modern ba Afrika ba ba Eurasia.[32][31] Te'oroma'ö zingo andre ba gambara si so ba dögi danö moroi ba ginötö Paleolitik, ba gambara nifakhoi ba nifö gaza ba ba nadu dötö'a nifazökhi moroi ba la'uri.[33]
  • P. atrox (American lion) ma zui singo Amerika, itöröi danö ba Amerika ba ba Kanada lumalö ba Patagonia.[34][35] Tobali so ia me te'u'u zingo sauri ba dögi danö ba Beringia ba ginötö wenaeta es nifotöi Cordilleran salua 370.000 fakhe si lalö.[36][37] No tesöndra sambua gakhökhöla ba Edmonton (Kanada) moroi khö zingo sauri a.t. 11.355 fakhe si lalö.[38]

Evolusi

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soyo: Panthera spelaea
sobowo doru: Panthera atrox
sowuge'e: Panthera leo

Fa'ebolo döröiŵa zingo modern
ba talifusönia pra-sejarah
ba ginötö nifotöi Pleistocene

Molo'ö fangerai, aboto khoi nga'ötö Panthera molo'ö genetik moroi ba dua si ha sambaua Felidae a.t. 9,32 irugi 4,47 juta irege 11,75 irugi 0,97 juta fakhe si lalö,[4][39][40] ba andrö alua ia molo'ö nahia geografis ba tanö ba Utara Asia Tengah..[41] Fabö'ö-bö'ö mbua wangosisi (li Indonesia analisis) wurugö ngawalö ngafu zingo; so zöndra sanguma'ö wa tobali ngafu si fatalifusö khö jaguar[42] (P. onca) zingo, si fabali me 3,46 irugi 1,22 juta fakhe si lalö,[4] bahiza fatalifusö göi ia khö leopard[43] (P. pardus) si fabali moroi khö zingo me 3,1 irugi 1,95 juta fakhe si lalö[6][7] irugi 4,32 irugi 0,02 juta fakhe si lalö. Fa'afatali genetik ndra furugö zingo ba leopard sauri ba danö si so es (P. uncia) te tetohugö irugi 2,1 juta fakhe si lalö.[40] Singo-leopard andre no muzawili ba danö si fatohu Asia Afrika i'otarai ginötö Pliocene.[41] Akhökhöla fondrege atua soroma hulö singo, no tesöndra ba Olduvai Gorge ba Tanzania ba molo'ö fangerai te 2 juta fakhe wa'atuania.[39]

Fanahö ginötö hamega fabali nga'ötö zingo modern ba singo dögi danö tola i'otarai 529.000 irugi 392.000 fakhe si lalö na lafaigi moroi ba wa'afabö'ö salua götö sambua generasi zingo modern. Lö nisöndra boto ni'ila hörö (li Indonesia bukti) hohou genetik ba gotalua nga'ötö andre, eluahania lö irai toröi ira ba zi sambua nahia molo'ö geografi.[21] Tobali taya zingo dögi danö moroi ba Eurasia ba moroi ba Amerika ba gangahorita nifotöi periode glasial safuria[44] ba zi lö nga'ötö mitokhondrial[45] ba danöa (li Indonesia benua).[32][46][47] Tola manö wa oya muzawili zingo modern ba Afrika götö nifotöi Middle Pleistocene ba tebörögö so wabalisa ba gölana tanö tou danö-simate Sahara ba Afrika götö Late Pleistocene. Tobali tefabali zingo si so ba Afrika Timur ba Selatan moroi ba zingo si so ba Afrika Barat ba Utara me gatua si so ba gölana equator monönö wa'ebolo 183.500 irugi 81.800 fakhe si lalö.[48] They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago.[21] Börö me itugu ebolo danö-simate Sahara 83.100 irugi 26.000 fakhe si lalö, tobali tefabali ngawalö zingo si so ba Afrika Barat ba Utara. Me itugu alö wa'ebolo gatua si so ba equator, awua'a zingo moroi ba Afrika Barat lumalö ba Afrika Tengah. Muzawili zingo moroi ba Afrika Utara miyöu ba Eropa ba ba Asia 38.800 ba 8.300 fakhe si lalö.[48]

Börö wa'ataya zingo ba Eropa Selatan, Afrika Utara ba Timur Tengah, tebatogö hohou genetik zingo ba Asia ba ba Afrika. Moroi ba mbua wangosili genetik oroma wa so ha'uga wa'afabö'ö salua ba zingo soroi ba Afrika Timur ba ba Afrika Selatan, eluahania so waö-waö evolusi ngawa zingo andre abölö anau moroi ba gakhetela zingo moro ba Asia ba ba Afrika Barat awö Tengah.[49] Aefa la'osisi'ö gama'olita genome[50] gakhetela zingo andre oroma wa fakhili gakhetela moroi Afrika Barat faoma Afrika Selatan, ba fakhili gakhetela zingo moroi Afrika Tengah ba Asia. Eluahania, Afrika Tengah no sambua nahia heza faruka oi ngawalö ngawa zingo, aefa tefabali ira götö ginötö nifotöi Holocene.[21]

Singo si faruka

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Ba kabu gaurifö, no lafangowalu zingo faoma harimo, soguna ba wangomuso dödö dome ma zui soguna ba wangosili ilmiah.[51][52] Abölö ebua mboto liger (ono zingo simatua-harimo si'alawe) moroi khö zingo ma zui harimo, bahiza arakhagö fefu tigon (ono harimo simatua-singo si'alawe) ide-ide moroi khö ndra satuara, börö efek genetik (bua wa'afaruka gene).[53][54] So göi leopon si tumbu moroi ba wangowalu leopard simatua ba singo si'alawe.[55]

Deskripsi

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Ha khö zingo so mbömbö mbu ba mbalö gi'o.
 
Töla

Singo no mao sebua soya nagole, sebolo tö'a, högönia adogo ba owulo-wulo, baginia göi adogo ba fisonia owulo-wulo; högö zimatua abölö ebolo. La'a-la'a mbunia oi fabö'ö i'otarai za'usö-usö irugi zolamuhu atua, ba gotalua zoroyo-royo ba so'usö-usö irugi zowumanu-soyo. Sito'ölönia la'a-la'a mboto tanö tou abölö mohaga. So khö nono zingo sawena tumbu lahe-lahe sogömi, situgu taya na ebua ia, heŵa'ae tola oroma nasa ma'ifu lahenia ba gahe ma ba mboto tanö tou khönia.[56][57] Fefu mbalö gi'o zingo hulö mböbö mbu ambö töra ba mbalönia so döla sabe'e si 5mm fa'anau. Lö ta'ila hadia guna döla sabe'e andre. Lö hadöi mböbö mbu andre ba nono zingo sawena tumbu, awena ibörötaigö oroma ia me lima amatonga waŵa ndröfinia ba oroma sibai sa'ae ia na irugi fitu waŵa ndröfinia.[58]

Fakhili-khili döla högönia ba döla högö harimo, heŵa'ae na abölö ebolo högö tanö föna zingo ba abölö adogo-dogo, simanö göi abölö ebua dögi nikhunia. Börö me oya variasi döla högö he spesies zingo ba he göi spesies harimo, andrö wa ha simbi zi tola te'oguna'ö ba wangila hadia spesies andrö.[59][60]

Fa'abua nagole zingo no 58.8% moroi ba wa'abua mbotonia ba börö da'ö tobali aurifö fondrege oya nagolenia ba gotalua zauri ba danö samaenu ono ma sasese latötöi mamalia.[61][62]

Fa'ebua mboto

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Ba gotalua ngafu mao sebua, singo no mao fondrege ebua aefa harimo.[57] Oi fabö'ö wa'ebua ba fa'abua mboto zingo si no atua molo'ö nahia heza auri ia (li Indonesia habitat).[63][64][65][66] So mato ha'uga zingo ba Afrika ba India sebua boto moroi ba zingo si fagölötö.[56][67][68][69]

Si fagölötö Singo si'alawe Singo simatua
Fa'anau högö-ba-boto 160–184 cm (63–72 in)[70] 184–208 cm (72–82 in)[70]
Fa'anau gi'o 72-89.5cm[70] 82,5-93,5cm[70]
Fa'abua 118,37-143.52kg ba Afrika Selatan,[63]
119,5kg ba Afrika Timur,[63]
110-120kg ba India[64] 		186,55-225kg ba Afrika Selatan,[63]
174,9kg ba Afrika Timur,[63]
160-190kg ba India[64]

Bu zöri

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Singo simatua, 6 fakhe döfi ba Phinda Private Game Reserve
 
Singo simatua ba Pendjari National Park

Bu zöri zingo simatua no sambua zi i'anema'ö oroma khöda tobali amuata spesies andre.[11] Te tebörötaigö so ia ambö töra 320.000–190.000 fakhe si lalö.[71] Tumbu ia mitou ba mifuri, ifönui arakhagö fefu högö, bagi, alisi ba tötö'a. Sito'ölönia la'a-la'ania owumanu-soyo ba so ma'ifu mbu sa'usö-usö, ma saraidö-aidö.[57] Ibörötaigö tumbu ia me ebua-bua zingo, me manöi mbosi wa'oya ŵe wa'amatua nifotöi testosteron, ba afönu wa'atumbu mbu zöri andre na irugi öfa fakhe ndröfi zingo.[72] Te börö wa'odöŵa-döŵa wa'aukhu nahia gaurifö (li Inggris zoo) ba Eropa ba ba Amerika Utara, abölö atabö mbu zöri zingo ba da'ö.[73] Sito'ölönia abölö ambö wa'oya mbu zöri zingo Asia moroi ba mbu zöri zingo Afrika.[74]

Wa so mbu zöri andre tenga sibai börö me moguna ia ba wondrorogö mbagi, bahiza me moguna ia ba wangoroma'ö khö zingo si'alawe ha wa'abölö zingo simatua. Ba ginötö wasöndrata, göi ba gotalua ndra singo si lö bu zörö ba singo sihino döla, lö lagohi mbagi töra moroi ba mbawa, hulu ba tanö ba doyo. Ibörötaigö mangatoru mbu zöri zingo si mesokho ba wasöndrata, tandra da'a wa tenga ba wondrorogö mbagi guna mbu zöri andrö. Hulö abölö mowua ba waro'asa zingo si so bu zöri sabölö ogömi ba sito'ölönia abölö ara toröi zingo so bu zöri sogömi ba gotalua ngawa zingo. Bulura göi anau ba agawe'e-we'e, alaŵa mbosi ŵe wa'amatua (testosteron) ba abölö tebai lataha wa'aukhu.[75][76] Tenga simane spesies mao sebua tanöbö'ö, oi faro'a zingo si'alawe khö oya zingo simatua, tenga ha khö zi sageu. Te da'a mbörö hana wa lö tumbu mbu zöri ba zimatua ngawalö mao tanöbö'ö.[77]

Almost all male lions in Pendjari National Park are either maneless or have very short manes.[78] Maneless lions have also been reported in Senegal, in Sudan's Dinder National Park and in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya.[79] Castrated lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the gonads inhibits testosterone production.[80] Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.[81]

Variasi la'a-la'a

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Afusi mbu zingo safusi börö wökhö ondröita (li Indonesia kondisi genetik) same'e irege mo'amböta wamola'a-la'a mbu nifotöi pigmentasi. Eluahania singo safusi tenga albino nifotöi The white lion is a rare morph with a genetic condition called leucism which is caused by a double recessive allele. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion gene pool. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015.[82] White lions are selected for breeding in captivity.[83] They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during canned hunts.[84]

Fa'amuzawili ba nahia to'ölö auri

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Singo si so ba Gir National Park, Gujarat, India

Muzawili zingo Afrika ba zi sagörö gölana tanö raya danö-simate Sahara. Abölö omasi ira la'iagö danö sondraso-ndraso satabö ndru'u (li Indonesia dataran) ba ba savana,[85] ba la'anöröi nahia sahatö ba nungo nidanö awö zahatö ba gatua. Ŵaraö sibai möi ira bakha ba gatua. Ba hili Elgon si so ba gotaluara Uganda ba Kenya, no tesöndra zingo ba nahia sirugi 3.600m wa'alaŵa, ahatö ba nahia si so teu asio[86] yaŵa ba hili Kenya.[56] Ba savana heza moteu 300 irugi 1.500 mm ero röfi, ba da'ö auri arakhagö fefu zingo ba Afrika, ambö töra 3.390,821 km2, heŵa'ae so ösa ngawa sauri ba gatua tropis sabazö-bazö ba Afrika Barat ba ba gatua ba hili-hili ba Afrika Timur.[87] Auri nasa zingo Asia ha bakha ba ba zifasui Gir National Park ba Gujarat, India tanö ba gaekhula. Tanö ba da'ö mogatua soköli irege oköli sibai soya eu sigine-ide bulu ba sadawa-dawa satoru bulu ero röfi.[13]

Götö auri ia

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Ba Afrika ba mböröta oi auri zingo ba Afrika Tengah ba gatua soya moteu ba ba danö-simate Sahara.[88] Ba ndröfia si-60s, taya ira ba Afrika Utara, ha ba tanö raya Sudan lö'ö.[89][87][90]

Me föna tesöndra zingo ba danö tanö yöu Eropa ba ba Asia, ba nahia heza faudu iklim[91] ba oya gamauluta.[92] Simane nituriaigö Herodotus ba döfi 480 föK (föna wa'tumbu Yesu föK), so zingo ba Yunani; ba döfi 300 föK no itugu ŵaraö tesöndra ia ba ba döfi 300 föK taya sa'ae.[56] So zingo ba Kaukasus irege ngaotu ndröfi si-10.[60] Simanö tesöndra ia ba Palestina ndrege Abad Pertengahan, ba ba Asia Tenggara irugi gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-19. Ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-19 no sa'ae oi taya ia ba Turki.[93] Afuriata la'ila niha zingo ba Iran me 1942 ambö töra 65 km tanö yöu danö Dezfull,[94] Heŵa'ae tesöndra gamatela zingo ba zinga nungo nidanö Karun ba Provinsi Khūzestān me 1944.[95] La'anöröi danö singo meföna moroi ba Sind ba Punjab ba Pakistan irege Benggala ba ungo nidanö Narmada ba India Tengah.[96]

Waö-waö wobenuasa

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Lahorigö ginötöra singo ba zahono manö (molombase); Tola ahono manö ira irugi 24 jam ma'ökhö.[97] Heŵa'ae tola gofu hawa'ara aktif ira, si to'ölönia sa ba abölö aktif ira na arakhagö bongi, heza lalau fariawö, mangehao bu ba möi ti'i. Tola aktif ira simane ba zi'anema'ö ba ba zi itaria irege zihulöwongi, heza asese lalau malu wangalui ö. Lalau mowaö-waö mato dua jam ero ma'ökhö ba inötö wemanga mato 50 menit.[98]

Famatörö wa'awösa

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Fa'awösa zingo ba Etosha National Park, Namimbia
 
Singo si'alawe (kambera) ba dua geu zingo simatua ba Masai Mara, Kenya

Singo no fondrege fa'awö (li Indonesia sosial) ba gotalua fefu spesies mao gatua, so ira bakha ba wa'awösa (li Indonesia grup) zi fakhai ero ira khö ndraonora. Ba li Inggris latötöi wa'awösa simanö lion pride ba latötöi wa'awösa ndra singo simatua "coalitions".[99] Same'e ena'ö aro ba mogötö wa'awösa simane no singo si'alawe ba singo si'alawe andre zame'e ena'ö böi fao faruka zingo si'alawe moroi baero.[100] Arakhagö fefu zingo si'alawe toröi bakha ba wa'awösa heza tumbu ira, bahiza fefu zingo simatua ba mato ha'uga zi'alawe fabali moroi ba wa'awösa samuza ma'ökhö.[101] Si to'ölönia so 15 zingo bakha ba si sambua wa'awösa, fao ba da'ö mato ha'uga zingo si'alawe si no ebua-bua ba irege öfa zingo simatua ba iraono zingo. No göi ira la'ila niha wa'awösa segebua si so bakha irugi 30 zingo.[102] Ha fa'awösa zingo Tsavo zi fabö'ö moroi ba da'e, me lö mamalö ha sageu zingo simatua so bakha ba zi sambua fa'awösa.[103] Ba ginötö latöröi danö tola manö lababagi ira ba wa'awösa sabölö ide-ide ba faoma la'ombakha'ö heza so ira khö nawöra faoma fe'ao zingo.[104]

Agaröu latöröi ya'ira singo sawu'a-wu'a nahia, daru-darua ma zui ha samösa.[99] Abölö asese lalau mangalui daru-darua singo simatua si fatalifusö. Bahiza tola göi ibulö'ö lala wa'aurinia singo. Ya'ira sawu'a-wu'a nahia tola tobali sangahono ba zi sambua nahia, ma zui singo sangahono tobali singo sawu'a-wu'a.[105] Asese aekhu ba wasöndrata na falukha zingo si toröi ba wa'awösa ba zingo sawu'a-wu'a, heŵa'ae tola göi itehe singo si'alawe ihatö'ö ia singo simatua sawu'a-wu'a ba ginötö waro'asa.[106] Ara itörö ginötö wa'awu'a-wu'a singo simatua fatua lö tetema'ö ia ba sambua wa'awösa zingo.[107] Molo'ö sambua wangosili nifalua ba Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, isöndra nahania ba wa'awösa wa'ahono singo sawu'a-wu'a na no irugi 3,5 ba 7,3 fakhe ndröfinia.[108] Ba Kruger National Park, Afrika Selatan, iröi wa'awösa si tumbu ya'ia sageu singo ba ifasindro mbolokhania samösa mato 25 km moroi ba nahia wa'atumbunia. Toröi ahatö zingo si'alawe ba nahia heza tumbu ia. Börö da'ö fahatö fatalifusö zingo si si tesöndra ba zisambua nahia moroi ba zingo simatua.[109]

Wa alua evolusi wa'awösa ba zingo, te börö me itugu oya zingo ba me itugu fadege nahia ba savana. Itugu ebua sambua wa'awösa zingo, itugu ebolo gölana si sökhi si tola labelegö; so oya ira ba zahatö ba wahandrona, heza aoha khöra wanöndra idanö, wanöndra ahulua ba ba wanöndra nahia wemörö (barö lumö geu).[110][111] Latötöi ba li Inggris pride area nahia ni'iagö sambua wa'awösa zingo ba range nahia ni'iagö zingo sawu'a-wu'a.[99] Lafauze nudu si fasui ira singo simatua, si tefaböbö ba wa'awösa.[57] Faoma latahö nudu, he singo simatua ba he singho si'alawe, bahiza abölö faudu zingo simatua ba wasöndrata me botonia abölö ebua ba abölö mofa'abölö. So ösa zimatua sondrönia'ö wombelegösa wa'awösa ba simatua bö'ö sambö.[112] To'ölö wa lagohi noro-dödö zamösana bakha ba wa'awösa ya'ira singo; he ya'ira sahou wofanö, so göi noro-dödö nigohira soguna ba wa'awösara.[113] Tola manö wa so "döi" nisöndra na tobali sondrönia'ö ba wolaŵa nudu si tohare ba wamakiko; oroma mbosi ndra singo si'alawe bakha ba wa'awösa ba hewisa nilaura na tohare nudu.[114] Silötolalö'ö labelegö wa'awösara ya'ira singo simatua ba wolaŵa singo simatua moroi baero sedöna mangalani ya'ira.[105] Molo'ö famaigida lö hadöi bosi wa'abölö ba gotalua zingo, he ba gotalua singo simatua ba he ba gotalua singo si'alawe.[115]

Fabö'ö zingo Asia molo'ö nga'eu zingo si so bakha khönia. Toröi samösa zingo Asia simatua ma zui fao ira ba wa'awösa zi datölu zimatua si lö fadoli wa'afaböböra. Toröi ndra singo si'alawe bakha ba wa'awösa irege 12 zi'alawe, ba aro wa'atefaböbö wa'awösara fao awö ndraono khöra. Fao zingo simatua ba si'alawe ha ba ginötö waro'asa.[116] Toröi abölö ara wa'awösa zingo simatua sawu'a-wu'a ba zi sambua gölana moroi ba zingo si toröi ha ya'i-ya'ia. Singo simatua sawu'a-wu'a si toröi bakha ba wa'awösa mato datölu ma daöfa zingo, so khöra mbosi, heza ifatörö zingo tanöbö'ö sageu singo ba heza abölö asese faro'a ia.[117]

Fealu ba femanga

bulö'ö
 
Singo simatua ba ononia si manga-manga nagole göröbao gatua moroi ba Afrika ba Sabi Sand Game Reserve, Afrika Selatan
 
Lara'u sageu göröbao gatua daöfa ira singo si'alawe ba Serengeti, Tanzania
 
Famasindro akhökhöla döla-töla sageu zingo sogohi nago, niforoma'ö ba The Museum of Osteology

Singo no aurifö si tola auri gofu heza ba töra 7% gönia moroi ba nagole. Latötöi ia zuzu gaurifö me i'a oya ngawalö gaurifö bö'ö.[118][119] Ira'u gaurifö si so sa'a segebua simane zebra, öröbao Afrika, sökha, böhö ba jerapah.[120] Sasese tobali ö zingo ba India, ya'ia böhö nifotöi khöra ba da'ö chital ba sambar,[57][120][121] heŵa'ae urifö si so baero göli tobali nigohi zingo göi.[122] Si to'ölönia lö igohi gaza si no ebua-bua awö nifotöi badak ba kudo nidanö Nil (hippopotamus), simanö göi gaurifö sigide-ide simane laosi, arawi ba ba'e.[120][123] Itaria ibunu gaurifö bö'ö simanga nagole (sogohi aurifö bö'ö ba wemanga ya'ira) bahiza ha ŵaraö i'a ia.[124]


Famotokhi

bulö'ö

Basoŵa

bulö'ö

Referensi

bulö'ö
  1. ↑ Panthera leo
  2. ↑ Ba ginötö föna, töra-töra ba kerajaan Romawi, asese lafalua wae'atasa same'e fondrara dödö niha sato. Ba wae'atasa andrö lafabago darua niha, ma zui lafabago samösa niha ba sageu zingo. Fabagosa simane andre so ia irugi ma'ökhö ba pertandingan tinju. Fabagosa samösa niha ba aurifö so nasa ba Spanyol, heza fabago samösa niha ba öröbao samu'i. Iada'a lö sa'ae fabagosa niha singo, hatö famaisa faoma singo zi so sasese ta'ila ba sirkus.
  3. ↑ Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). "πάνθηρ". A Greek-English Lexicon (edisi ke-Revised and augmented). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. 
  5. ↑ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids: 59–82. 
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Davis, B. W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C.; Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483  . PMC 3189913  . PMID 22016768. 
  8. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis leo". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (edisi ke-decima, reformata). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. hlm. 41.  Templat:Ba lang
  9. ↑ Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. hlm. 1052. 
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Sifasala: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama MSW3
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Hemmer, H. (1974). "Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)". Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung. 17: 167–280. 
  12. ↑ Sifasala: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama IUCN
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J. and; Driscoll, C. (2008). "Panthera leo ssp. persica". 2008: e.T15952A5327221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en. 
  14. ↑ Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E.; Nowell, K. (2015). "Panthera leo West Africa subpopulation". 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en. 
  15. ↑ Lafotöi evolusi waö-waö wa'atobali zauri ba danö i'otarai me hulö dungö ira irege manöi ba fabö'ö tobali sinumbua, aurifö ba niha. Duma-dumania me föna ha sambua dua ndra fefu mao, singo, harimo, btn. nifotöi Felidae. Ba hiza ba wamofanö ginötö manöi ba fabö'ö ira irege so zi tobali mao, so zi tobali singo ma zui harimo btn.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 
  17. ↑ Wood, J. G. (1865). "Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe". The Illustrated Natural History. Mammalia, Volume 1. London: Routledge. hlm. 129−148. 
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). "Lion Panthera leo". The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (edisi ke-2). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. hlm. 46−47. ISBN 978-1-4729-5080-2. 
  19. ↑ de Manuel, M.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020). "The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (20): 10927–10934. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710927D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117  . PMC 7245068  . PMID 32366643. 
  20. ↑ Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K.; de Iongh, H. H. (2016). "Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (Panthera leo)". Scientific Reports. 6: 30807. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630807B. doi:10.1038/srep30807. PMC 4973251  . PMID 27488946. 
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020). "The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (20): 10927–10934. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710927D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117  . PMC 7245068  . PMID 32366643. 
  22. ↑ Christiansen, P. (2008). "Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters". Cladistics. 24 (6): 977–992. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x. PMID 34892880 Periksa nilai |pmid= (fanolo). 
  23. ↑ Lafotöi carnassial zingo si so ifö satarö ifö tanö yaŵa ba tanö tou ba nifalali-lali wa'ate'olinia irege balö satarö moroi yaŵa möi ba gotalua nifö tanö tou ba ifö satarö moroi tou möi ba gotalua nifö tanö yaŵa
  24. ↑ Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R.; Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement 12): 423–434. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2007-08-07. 
  25. ↑ Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117. 
  26. ↑ Sabol, M. (2014). "Panthera fossilis (Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis. 70 (1–2): 59–70. doi:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59  . 
  27. ↑ Lafotöi eurasia danöa sebua si fakhai, ya'ia da'ö Eropa ba Asia
  28. ↑ Lafotöi beringia danö ba asi ba gotaluara Rusia ba Kanada
  29. ↑ Stuart, A. J.; Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17): 2329–40. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.2329S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023. 
  30. ↑ Hemmer, H. (2011). "The story of the cave lion – Panthera Leo Spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) – A review". Quaternaire. 4: 201–208. 
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). "Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats". Open Quaternary. 2: 4. doi:10.5334/oq.24  . 
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T.; Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020. PMID 15012963. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 25 September 2007. 
  33. ↑ Packer, C.; Clottes, J. (2000). "When Lions Ruled France" (PDF). Natural History. 109 (9): 52–57. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2015-12-29. 
  34. ↑ Lafotöi patagonia fefu mbalö danö tanö tou Amerika Selatan si so negara Argentina ba Cile.
  35. ↑ Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L. (2017). "The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 16 (8): 850–864. Bibcode:2017CRPal..16..850C. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009  . 
  36. ↑ Harington, C. R. (1969). "Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (Panthera atrox) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 6 (5): 1277–1288. Bibcode:1969CaJES...6.1277H. doi:10.1139/e69-127. 
  37. ↑ Christiansen, P.; Harris, J. M. (2009). "Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 934–945. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..934C. doi:10.1671/039.029.0314. 
  38. ↑ King, L. M.; Wallace, S. C. (2014). "Phylogenetics of Panthera, including Panthera atrox, based on craniodental characters". Historical Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462. 
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". Bakha Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. hlm. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. 
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742  . PMID 26518481. 
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J.; Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686  . PMC 3843846  . PMID 24225466. 
  42. ↑ Jaguar no sambua moroi ba mao gatua sebua si tölu ngafu, ya'ia da'ö harimo, singo ba jaguar.
  43. ↑ Leopard no göi mao gatua sebua tanöbö'ö si tefaböbö ba genus Panthera simane singo.
  44. ↑ Lafotöi periode glasial safuria ginötö me ihawui zi sagörö tanö nasa es. Andrö göi itaria latötöi ia götö es safuria (li Inggris last ice age)
  45. ↑ Latötöi mitokhondria hunö si so bakha ba sel gaurifö, sinumbua ba ngawalö nandröta (li Inggris fungi)
  46. ↑ Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2017-08-08. 
  47. ↑ Argant, A.; Brugal, J.-P. (2017). "The cave lion Panthera (Leo) spelaea and its evolution: Panthera spelaea intermedia nov. subspecies". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 60 (2): 58–103. doi:10.3409/azc.60_2.59  . 
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J.; Larson, G. (2014). "Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 70. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70  . PMC 3997813  . PMID 24690312. 
  49. ↑ Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N.; De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (Panthera leo) in West and Central Africa". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (7): 1356–1367. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x. 
  50. ↑ Ama'olita genome (li Inggris genome sequence) no sambua halöŵö nifalua ndra sogonekhe ba wangosisi'ö hewisa wa'ate'oli DNA (li Inggris DeoxyriboNucleic Acid), sambua molekul fondrege moguna ba mboto fefu zauri ba danö. Bakha ba DNA andre no so fefu kode wa'auri, irege moroi ba sel side-ide oi manumbu ba tedou ngawalö hadia ia simane ta'io, tanga, högö, uto, hörö, btn. na ba niha. Tola tafaedogö ia ba sambua gadulo. Bakha ba gadulo andrö no so fefu ngawalö kode sama'anö hewisa wa moroi ba zi sambua adulo tumbu ba manöi sageu manu, si so afi, tara, söri, högö, btn. No la'osisi'ö DNA andre ira sogonekhe ba ilmu pengetahuan ba lasöndra wa fa'afa'oli kode DNA andrö no arakhagö fagölö, ba hiza si fabö'önia si ma'ifu andrö, da'ö zamabö'öni ero spesies ba töra-töra ero ngafu he sinumbua, aurifö ba niha.
  51. ↑ Pocock, R. I. (1898). "Lion-Tiger Hybrid". Nature. 58 (1496): 200. Bibcode:1898Natur..58Q.200P. doi:10.1038/058200b0  . 
  52. ↑ Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and fertility of interspecific mammalian hybrids". Comparative aspects of reproductive failure. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. hlm. 218––234. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12. ISBN 978-3-642-48949-5. 
  53. ↑ Shi, W. (2005). "Hybrid dysgenesis effects" (PDF). Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis (PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. hlm. 8–10. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2019-05-18. 
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